Differentiation of mild keratoconus from corneal warpage according to topographic inferior steepening based on corneal tomography data / Diferenciação de ceratocone leve e deformação corneana por lente de contato com encurvamento inferior baseado em dados da tomografia de córnea

ABSTRACT We report two cases of suspicious asymmetric bow tie and inferior steepening on topographic evaluations with reflection (Placido) and projection (Scheimpflug). Rotating Scheimpflug corneal and anterior segment tomography (Oculus Pentacam HR, Wetzlar, Germany)® was performed in the first case, with a maximal keratometric value (Kmax) of 43.2 D and an overall deviation value from the Belin/Ambrósio Enhanced Ectasia Display (BAD-D) of 1.76, which was observed in the study eye (OD). BAD-D was 6.59 in the fellow eye, which had clinical findings that were consistent with keratoconus stage 2. The second case presented with a Kmax of 45.3 D and BAD-D of 0.76 in OD and 1.01 in OS. This patient had discontinued wearing soft contact lens less than 1 day prior to examination. Corneal tomographic data enabled us to distinguish mild or forme fruste keratoconus from contact lens-induced corneal warpage, and similar findings were observed on curvature maps.

RESUMO O presente estudo tem por objetivo relatar dois casos suspeitos que apresentam bow tie assimétrico e encurvamento inferior nas avaliações topográficas de reflexão (Placido) e projeção (Scheimpflug). A tomografia de córnea e segmento anterior com o sistema Scheimpflug (Oculus Pentacam HR, Wetzlar, Alemanha)® mostrou no primeiro caso, a ceratometria máxima (Kmax) de 43,2 D e o valor D no Belin/Ambrósio Enhanced Ectasia Display (BAD-D) de 1,76 no olho estudado (OD). O olho contralateral apresentava BAD-D de 6,59 e achados clínicos compatíveis com ceratocone (KC) grau 2. O segundo caso apresentava Kmax de 45,3 D e BAD-D de 0,76 em OD e 1,01 em OS. Este paciente havia interrompido o uso de lentes de contato gelatinosas 1 dia antes do exame. A avaliação tomográfica avançada nos permitiu distinguir ceratocone leve ou subclínico de warpage induzido por lentes de contato, enquanto resultados semelhantes foram observados em mapas de curvatura anterior.

Biometric Risk Factors for Corneal Neovascularization Associated with Hydrogel Soft Contact Lens Wear in Korean Myopic Patients

PURPOSE: To investigate the biometric risk factors for corneal surface complications associated with hydrogel soft contact lens (SCL) fitting in myopic patients in Korea. METHODS: This is a retrospective case-control study. The records of 124 subjects (124 eyes) who wore SCLs on a daily basis were reviewed. Thirty-one patients (31 eyes) who were diagnosed with corneal neovascularization (NV) while wearing SCLs were included in the complication group. Ninety-three age- and sex-matched patients (93 eyes) who wore SCLs, who did not have corneal NV and who visited our clinic for correction of refractive errors were included in the control group. The degree of spherical equivalent, astigmatism and corneal base curve radius (BCR) were compared in both groups. RESULTS: Patients with NV exhibited poorer best corrected visual acuity and more myopia than controls (p = 0.008 and 0.006, respectively). In univariate analysis, highly myopic patients (-9 diopters [D] or higher) were more likely to experience NV (odds ratio [OR], 2.232; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.602 to 3.105). High astigmatism (> or =2 D) increased the risk of complications (OR, 2.717; 95% CI, 1.141 to 6.451). Steep cornea, in which BCR was <7.5 mm, also raised the risk of complications (OR, 4.000; 95% CI, 1.661 to 9.804). Flat cornea was not a risk factor for the development of NV. CONCLUSIONS: High myopia, high astigmatism, and steep cornea seemed to be risk factors in the development of corneal NV in SCL wearers.

Keratitis with Elizabethkingia meningoseptica Occurring after Contact Lens Wear: A Case Report

To report keratitis with Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, which occurred in a healthy patient after wearing contact lenses for 6 months. A 24-year-old male patient visited our hospital with ocular pain. This patient had a history of wearing soft contact lenses for 6 months, about 10 hours per day. At initial presentation, slit lamp examination showed corneal stromal infiltrations and small epithelial defect. Microbiological examinations were performed from corneal scrapings, contact lenses, and the contact lens case and solution. The culture results from contact lenses, contact lens case and solution were all positive for Elizabethkingia meningoseptica. Thus, we could confirm that the direct cause of keratitis was contamination of the contact lenses. The patient was treated with 0.3% gatifloxacin. After treatment, the corneal epithelial defect was completely healed, and a slight residual subepithelial corneal opacity was observed. We diagnosed keratitis with Elizabethkingia meningoseptica in a healthy young male wearing soft contact lenses. We conclude that Elizabethkingia meningoseptica should be considered as a rare but potential pathogen for lens-related keratitis in a healthy host.

Keratitis with Elizabethkingia meningoseptica Occurring after Contact Lens Wear: A Case Report

To report keratitis with Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, which occurred in a healthy patient after wearing contact lenses for 6 months. A 24-year-old male patient visited our hospital with ocular pain. This patient had a history of wearing soft contact lenses for 6 months, about 10 hours per day. At initial presentation, slit lamp examination showed corneal stromal infiltrations and small epithelial defect. Microbiological examinations were performed from corneal scrapings, contact lenses, and the contact lens case and solution. The culture results from contact lenses, contact lens case and solution were all positive for Elizabethkingia meningoseptica. Thus, we could confirm that the direct cause of keratitis was contamination of the contact lenses. The patient was treated with 0.3% gatifloxacin. After treatment, the corneal epithelial defect was completely healed, and a slight residual subepithelial corneal opacity was observed. We diagnosed keratitis with Elizabethkingia meningoseptica in a healthy young male wearing soft contact lenses. We conclude that Elizabethkingia meningoseptica should be considered as a rare but potential pathogen for lens-related keratitis in a healthy host.

Central Corneal Thickness and Corneal Endothelial Cell Changes Caused by Contact Lens Use in Diabetic Patients

PURPOSE: To analyze the effects of soft contact lenses on central corneal thickness and morphologic characteristics of the corneal endothelium in diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ultrasound pachymetry and noncontact specular microscopy were performed on 26 diabetic patients who regularly use soft contact lenses (group 1), 27 diabetic patients who do not use soft contact lenses (group 2) and 30 normal subjects (group 3). We compared the values in each group using the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: The central cornea was found to be thicker in diabetic patients, both those who use and do not use contact lenses, than in the normal control group. The central corneal thickness was significantly higher in group 1 (564.73 +/- 35.41 microm) and group 2 (555.76 +/- 45.96 microm) than in the control group (534.05 +/- 27.02 microm), but there was no statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 2. Endothelial cell density was significantly different between the groups, and was smallest in the group of diabetic patients using contact lenses. The coefficient of variation of cell size was significantly higher and the percentage of hexagonal cells was significantly lower in contact lens using diabetic patients than in non-contact lens using diabetic patients and in the control group. CONCLUSION: Central corneal thickness and endothelial cell density is more affected by diabetes mellitus, and corneal endothelial cell morphology is more affected by contact lens use, when compared with normal subjects.

Citologia de impressão no diagnóstico de infecção corneana por Acanthamoeba: relato de caso / Diagnosis of Acanthamoeba corneal infection by impression cytology: case report

Relatamos três casos de infecção corneana por Acanthamoeba sp em que foi possível detectar cistos do microorganismo com a técnica de citologia de impressão. Três pacientes encaminhados ao Laboratório de Doenças Externas Oculares em 2004 com alterações superficiais da córnea foram submetidos ao exame de citologia de impressão para investigação da presença de cistos de Acanthamoeba sp. Duas amostras foram obtidas da córnea de cada paciente e coradas com PAS, hematoxilina e Papanicolaou. Investigação microbiológica de rotina e cultura também foram realizadas após raspado da córnea. O cultivo das amostras e a citologia de impressão foram positivas para Acanthamoeba sp em todos os pacientes, ao passo que os raspados corados com Giemsa foram positivos em dois casos. A citologia de impressão revelou cistos de Acanthamoeba sp entre feixe de células epiteliais corneanas e como células isoladas. Foram observados cistos no epitélio de um dos pacientes com a citologia de impressão após três meses de tratamento, enquanto o raspado foi negativo. No exame anatomopatológico observaram-se cistos no epitélio e estroma de uma córnea receptora de um dos pacientes após transplante. Neste estudo, a citologia de impressão detectou com sucesso cistos de Acanthamoeba sp em pacientes com acometimento epitelial. Por tratar-se de método não invasivo, a técnica pode ser usada para facilitar o diagnóstico mais precoce da infecção por Acanthamoeba, sendo útil também no acompanhamento do tratamento da doença.

To describe three cases of corneal infection due to Acanthamoeba sp in which was possible to detect Acanthamoeba sp cysts by the corneal impression cytology technique. Three patients referred to the External Eye Disease Laboratory in 2004 with superficial corneal alterations were submitted to corneal specimen collection by impression cytology filter paper to investigate the presence of Acanthamoeba sp cysts. Two impression cytology samples were obtained from each patient and were stained by PAS, hematoxylin and Papanicolaou. Routine microbiological investigation and culture were also performed using corneal scraping. Positive culture and impression cytology for Acanthamoeba sp was observed in all patients while smears with Giemsa stain were positive in two. Impression cytology Acanthamoeba sp cysts were observed among sheets of corneal epithelial cells and as isolated cells. Cysts were also found in the superficial epithelium in one of these patients after treatment while corneal scraping did not reveal any cyst. Histopathology revealed cysts in the epithelium and stroma in a transplanted cornea in one of these patients. The first description of impression cytology as a diagnostic method for Acanthamoeba keratitis occurred recently. In this study corneal impression cytology detected Acanthamoeba sp cysts successfully in these patients with only superficial involvement. Impression cytology as a non invasive technique can be used to facilitate early recognition of Acanthamoeba infection playing a useful role in the follow-up of the disease.

Blefaroptose em usuários de lentes de contato / Blepharoptosis in contact lens wearers

OBJETIVO: Investigar a freqüência de blefaroptose adquirida em usuários de lentes de contato. MÉTODOS: Avaliação prospectiva de 50 pacientes, usuários de lentes de contato, do Setor de Lentes de Contato do Serviço de Oftalmologia do Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, durante o período de abril a novembro de 2004. A distância reflexo-margem (MRD) foi avaliada em 99 pálpebras de usuários de lentes de contato e para as 52 pálpebras de controle. Pacientes cuja medida da distância reflexo-margem se apresentou inferior a 2 mm ou com assimetria de distância reflexo-margem maior ou igual a 2 mm foram considerados portadores de blefaroptose. Foram avaliados o tipo de lente de contato utilizada e o tempo de uso das mesmas. RESULTADOS: Cinco pacientes apresentaram ptose, todos eles eram usuários de lentes de contato rígidas, um com ptose bilateral e quatro, unilateral. A distância reflexo-margem dos pacientes usuários de lentes de contato foi, em média, 0,88 mm inferior aos não usuários. Os valores de distância reflexo-margem foram progressivamente decrescentes nos grupos estudados: controles, usuários de lentes gelatinosas e de lentes rígidas. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo sugere que os usuários de lentes de contato possuem alteração dos valores de distância reflexo-margem, principalmente os que usam lentes rígidas.

PURPOSE: To investigate the occurrence of acquired blepharoptosis in contact lens wearers. METHODS: Prospective analysis of 50 contact lens wearers being followed at the Contact Lenses Section of the Ophthalmology Service at the "Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre" between April and November 2004. The margin reflex distance (MRD) was evaluated for the 99 eyelids of contact lens wearers and for the 52 eyelids of controls. A patient whose measurement was less than 2 mm or with an assymetry of margin reflex distance greater or equal to 2 mm were considered with blepharoptosis. The contact lens type and duration of contact lenses wear were evaluated. RESULTS: Five patients presented ptosis, all of them were hard contact lens wearers, one had bilateral and four had unilateral ptosis. The study shows that the contact lens wearers had the margin reflex distance 0.88 mm smaller than the non-wearers. The margin reflex distance values decreased progressively in the studied groups: controls, gelatinous contact lens wearers and rigid contact lens wearers. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that contact lens wearers have alterations in the margin reflex distance values, especially the rigid contact lens wearers.

Ceratite bilateral por Acanthamoeba: relato de caso / Bilateral Acanthamoeba keratitis: case report

A ceratite por Acanthamoeba é uma infecção ocular grave que, apesar dos recentes progressos no diagnóstico e tratamento, ainda provoca prolongada morbidade e perda da acuidade visual. Relatamos um caso de ceratite bilateral por Acanthamoeba em usuário de lentes de contato, que é o primeiro caso descrito na literatura brasileira.

Ceratite por Acanthamoeba: relato de casos no Rio Grande do Sul / Acanthamoeba keratitis: report of cases in Rio Grande do Sul

Relato de três primeiros casos comprovados de ceratite por Acanthamoeba sp no Rio Grande do Sul. Todos os pacientes eram usuários de lentes rígidas gás-permeáveis, usando água corrente para higiene das mesmas. Um paciente teve resoluçäo do quadro clínico após 4 meses de tratamento intensivo com neomicina, biguanida, metronidazol e dexametasona tópicos. Os outros pacientes necessitaram de ceratoplastia penetrante, um após 2 meses e o outro após 14 meses de tratamento clínico intensivo (neomicina, biguanida, propamidine e dexametasona tópicos) sem sucesso. Näo houve recidiva da infestaçäo por Acanthamoeba em nenhum dos casos durante o período de seguimento (16,5 e 22 meses). O diagnóstico etiológico foi realizado pela identificaçäo de cistos e trofozoítos de Acanthamoeba no exame direto do raspado da úlcera de córnea em dois pacientes e no exame anátomo-patológico dos botöes corneanos dos que se submeteram ao transplante de córnea

Cornea stress test--evaluation of corneal endothelial function in vivo by contact lens induced stress.

Reliable and valid assessment of corneal endothelial function is a critical input for diagnosing, prognosticating and monitoring progression of disorders affecting corneal endothelium. In 123 eyes, corneal endothelial function was assessed employing data from the corneal hydration recovery dynamics. Serial pachometric readings were recorded on Haag-Striet pachometer with Mishima-Hedbys modification before and after two hours of thick soft contact lens wear. Percentage Recovery Per Hour (PRPH) was derived from raw data as an index of endothelial function. Assessed PRPH in pseudophakic corneal oedema and Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy eyes (35.9 +/- 9.8%) was significantly lower than normal controls (61.9 +/- 10.5%). On employing receiver operation characteristics curve analysis the tested results demonstrated high sensitivity (87%) and specificity (92%) for detection of low endothelial function at PRPH cut off of 47.5%. Using this PRPH cut off, 80% of Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy and 93.3% of pseudophakic corneal oedema eyes could be demonstrated to have low endothelial function. A total of 66.7% of diabetic eyes also demonstrated PRPH of lower than 47.5%. Clear corneal grafts demonstrated PRPH values of 24.6% to 73.0%. Of 6 corneal grafts that demonstrated initial PRPH of lower than 47.5%, 4 failed within 4 to 6 months. Our data demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity of this corneal stress test. PRPH index was useful in quantifying endothelial function in clinical disorders including diabetes mellitus. The index PRPH was demonstrated to be useful in monitoring and prognosticating outcome of corneal grafts.

Gram negative bacteria and contact lens induced acute red eye.

Two patients using hydrogel contact lenses on a daily wear schedule slept overnight with the lenses and woke up with a Contact Lens Induced Acute Red Eye (CLARE). The contact lenses recovered aseptically at the time of the event grew significant colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aeromonas hydrophila in patient A and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia liquefaciens from patient B. Similar organisms from the contact lenses were recovered from the lens case and lens care solutions of patient B. In both the patients the condition resolved on discontinuation of lens wear. Patient compliance as a requirement for successful contact lens wear is highlighted with the illustration of these cases.

Complicaçöes das lentes hidrofílicas de uso diário e uso prolongado / Hydrophilic lenses complications of diary and prolonged use

A adaptaçäo de lentes de contacto gelatinosas de uso prolongado deve estar subordinada a um controle mais freqüente, que inclua a medida de acuidade visual, ceratometria, biomicroscopia e estesiometria

Complications associated with soft contact lens use

A retrospective study of 246 consecutive patients fit with daily and extended wear soft contact lenses was undertalken to determine the incidence and range of lens related problems is cosmetic, aphakic, and keratoplasty patients in a cornea service setting. Adequate data for inclusion in the study were available from 212 patients, who were folloowed for a minimum of six months (range 6-42 months; memdian 30 months). Approximately half (105 of 212; 50%) of the patients demonstrated problems. The most common problem was corneal neovascularization (61 of 212; 29%), which was greater than 1mm in 10% (22 of 212). Seious complications were infrequent. Two aphakic graft patients developed suture abscesses and three had rejection episodes. Overall, extended wear lens patients were significantly more likely to have complications (62 of 85; 73%) thandaily wear lens patients (43 of 127; 34%) (P < 001). Cosmetic lens patients were significantly less likely to have problems (34 of 98; 35%) than aphakic patients (35 of 50; 70%) (P , 001). Our data suggest that problems (including peripheral neovascularization, deposits, and chemical reactions related to soft lens wear) are common, but serious, visiontion, deposits, and chemical reactions related do soft lens wear) are common, but serious, visionthreatening complications (including corneal ulcers) are infrequent when lenses are fit carefully and patients are repeatedly instructed regarding lens use

Management of giant papilliary conjunctivitis associated with soft contact lens wear

The management of giant papillary conjunctivitis has been discussed for both mild and severe form of the disease. The purpose of this work is to manage the disease while the patients continued contact lens wear, and presented our cases of giant papillary conjunctivitis who were successfully managed while wearing their lenses. This was done by changing to nonpreserved saline and thermal sterilization. In severe cases, topical steroids, new lens of different material and different designs have been used in some cases